2007年3-4月国内环境事件

简要统计了2007年3-4月国内发生的各种环境事件90起,包括沙尘天气17起,污染事件26起,地震11起,山体滑坡和泥石流11起,旱灾5起,以及其他自然灾害20起.对自然灾害进行了讨论.     

Pollutant loads of surface runo inWuhan City Zoo, an urban tourist area

The pollutant loads of surface runoff in an urban tourist area have been investigated for two years in the Wuhan City Zoo, China. Eight sampling sites, including two woodlands, three animal yards, two roofs and one road, were selected for sampling and study. The results indicate that pollutants ranked in a predictable order of decreasing load （e.g. animal yard〉roof〉woodland〉road）, with animal yards acting as the key pollution source in the zoo. Pollutants were transported mainly by particulate form in runoff. Particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorous accounted on average for 61%, 78% of total pollutant, respectively, over 13 monitored rainfall events. These results indicate the treatment practices should be implemented to improve particulate nutrient removal. Analysis of the M（V） curve indicate that no first flush effect existed in the surface runoff from pervious areas （e.g. woodland, animal ground yard）, whereas a first flush effect was evident in runoff from impervious surfaces （e.g. animal cement yard, roof, road）.     

岩溶流域地下水TOC输出及影响因素分析:以重庆丰都雪玉洞地下河流域为例

2014年8月至2015年9月通过野外在线监测获取岩溶流域连续、高精度的气象、地下水TOC和水文地球化学等数据,利用主成分回归模型探讨流域地下水TOC在不同时间尺度上的输出及影响因素.结果表明在季节时间尺度上,气温和地下水电导率(Sp C)夏季高,冬季低,p H则相反;TOC和浊度冬、夏季高,春、秋季低;地下水TOC和水文地球化学指标对降雨表现出明显的响应过程,但地下水TOC对不同降雨强度的响应时间和过程有明显差异,整体来说,TOC在降雨过程中表现出上升的趋势,而暴雨过后受稀释效应影响呈现下降趋势.主成分回归分析发现降雨、流量和浊度对TOC有正向促进作用,而气温和p H对TOC有负向的影响.     

合流制管网溢流污染过程中溶解性有机污染物演替特征分析

合流制管网溢流（Combined Sewer Overflows,CSOs）是我国城镇地表水环境日益突出的瞬时污染源,明确其重要污染物溶解性有机质（Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM）的组分和来源对CSOs污染控制具有导向性意义.本研究以北运河上游沙河水库流域为对象,连续采集CSOs过程的样品,通过峰值法、特征参数法和平行因子法等解析CSOs中DOM的三维荧光光谱特征,发现CSOs中DOM主要有类色氨酸（S、T）、类富里酸（A）和类酪氨酸（D）,代表内源输入的类色氨酸（S、T）和类酪氨酸（D）占比超过4/5.特征参数法和平行因子法的结果均表明DOM的腐殖化程度较低,生物活性较强,主要为微生物降解生成的和沉积物自身在冲刷和水力输运作用下释放的内源污染,建议CSOs污染控制主要应从内源输入的角度进行,着重控制管道沉积物中污染物的释放.     

Transformation of rural communities: lessons from a local self-initiative for building resilience in the Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands is vulnerable to negative impacts from climate change, where people’s livelihoods and their well-being are threatened, especially the viability of isolated communities. Realising the increasing risks from climate change on communities, government, in partnership with aid-donor partners, has invested millions of dollars in climate change projects, through mitigation and adaptation strategies. As a form of adaptation, the government invests in programmes aimed at increasing the adaptive capacity of the vulnerable communities through landscape and seascape projects across the rural communities. Focusing on the “transformation concept” as a long-term adaptation strategy and enlargement of climate engineering and ecological resilience concepts, the paper discusses why building resilience from transformation of rural communities, as well as from landscape and seascape projects, would benefit communities and relevant authorities. This paper describes the findings of a study on two rural villages, Keigold and Mondo, from Ranogha Islands, Western Province, in Solomon Islands, where 80% of households decided to relocate from their old village “Mondo” to their new home “Keigold” after an earthquake in 2007, as part of a self-initiative. The reallocation process can be seen as a case of pro-active community transformation that provides valuable lessons to other rural communities that may be forced to move due to impacts from natural catastrophes, including those explained by climate change risks. Lessons from this experience suggest that policy-makers and non-government organisations should consider and empower local transformation initiatives as a way to building long-term adaptation to climate change.     

企业突发环境事件应急预案存在的问题与对策

查阅了2019年通过评审并备案的390家企事业单位突发环境事件应急预案,总结了企事业单位突发环境事件应急预案存在的问题及对策。为提高应急预案的适用性,应在准确辨识企业的环境风险物质、详细调查企业的周边环境风险受体情况、建立快速的应急监测机制、储备足够的应急物资等方面基础上,使应急措施和方案达到可操作性,凸显应急预案的使用价值。     

红河流域1960-2007年极端降水事件的时空变化特征

利用中国境内红河流域23个气象站点1960-2007年的逐日降水数据,基于极端降水指数分析流域极端降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:极端降水频次和强度表现出从东南向西北递减的特征,高值区分布在江城-绿春-金平-河口一线以南,低值区分布在巍山-南涧-弥渡一线以北及元江中游河谷;极端降水频次峰值出现在7月,汛期极端降水出现频次占全年的91.48%。1960-2007年期间,极端降水指数均表现出上升趋势,其中,极端降水贡献率和平均日降水强度上升趋势较为显著,线性趋势值分别为0.68%·(10 a)^-1和0.17 mm·d^-1·(10 a)^-1。除了平均日降水强度整体上表现出上升的趋势外,其余5个极端降水指数趋势变化具有空间差异性,增加的站点大多分布在李仙江上游、 元江中上游和藤条江流域,减小的站点大多分布在李仙江下游、 元江下游和盘龙河流域。     

食品应急储备配置比例及方法研究

为提升食品应急储备的科学性、合理性,在总结分析食品应急储备的种类、形式与影响因素的基础上,以我国官方发布的食物与营养发展目标为依据,确定了八大类应急储备食品的基础配置比例,并提出了食品大类配置比例的修正方法,随后综合考虑生产周期、保质期、易储性和储备成本,给出实物储备和产能储备的配置方法,最后提出了单类食品实物储备模式下单品的配置原则和方法,并以单价修正为例对单品选择性修正方法进行了说明,对不断提高突发事件应急保障工作的水平,提升应对突发事件的保障能力,实现受灾群众更科学合理的饮食结构有重要意义。     

2005年7-8月国内环境事件数据

简要统计了2005年7-8月国内发生的各种环境事件140起,包括沙尘天气1起,污染事件28起,地震7起,虫害3起,旱灾6起,山体滑坡和泥石流25起,以及其他自然灾害90起.最后对统计结果进行了讨论.     

A study of maintenance-related major accident cases in the 21st century

This paper is based on a review of 183 detailed, major accident investigation and analysis reports related to the handling, processing and storage of hydrocarbons and hazardous chemicals over a decade from 2000 to 2011. The reports cover technical, human and organizational factors. In this paper, the Work and Accident Process (WAP) classification scheme is applied to the accident reports with the intention of investigating to what extent maintenance has been a cause of major accidents and what maintenance-related causes have been the most frequent.The main objectives are: (1) to present more current overall statistics of maintenance-related major accidents, (2) to investigate the trend of maintenance-related major accidents over time, and (3) to investigate which maintenance-related major accident causes are the most frequent, requiring the most attention in the drive for improvement.The paper presents statistical analysis and interpretation of maintenance-related major accidents’ moving averages as well as data related to the types of facility, hazardous substances, major accidents and causes. This is based on a thorough review of accident investigation reports.It is found that out of 183 major accidents in the US and Europe, maintenance was linked to 80 (44%) and that the accident trend is decreasing. The results also show that “lack of barrier maintenance” (50%), “deficient design, organization and resource management” (85%) and “deficient planning/scheduling/fault diagnosis” (69%) are the most frequent causes in terms of the active accident process, the latent accident process and the work process respectively.